The Roman town

The Roman Town was laid out with straight roads and it was in a grid pattern. The shape was a sort of full-blooded aswell. It was enclosed with a w on the whole, which had four gates and eighteen towers including the two, which were at the sides of each gate. In the town there would have been an amphitheatre, a theatre, the main temple, the forum, a undersized temple, a bathhouse, a games room and some shops (small shops not like the NAAFI or Tesco). In the town centre the theatre, forum, a temple and the amphitheatre. The town was defended with a wall, which went all the way around the town. The armies, which guarded the wall and gates, defended the town.Shops, market and forum.Butchers, bakers, pieshops, wine shops, pottery shops, clothes shops, and fruit shops, coal shops, drink shops and food shops were the roman shops. The goods were made at the villa and workshops at the back of the shops. The things only few people could afford were glass vases, nice and well-decorated pots, vases, silk and jewellery. Shoes, woollen cloth, normal pots, food and drink were the things m whatsoever people could afford.On the streets there would have been beggars begging, soldiers marching, guarding things and arresting people, shop keepers shouting out what theyre selling, people buying things, people weighing things and children and people running about. It would have been very fussy with all the selling, buying and running about going on. I really like to live during the roman times in those busy streets.The forum was most-valuable aswell as lots of other things. It was principal(prenominal) because it had the basilica (town hall and law courts), the curia (where the town council meets), the treasury (where all the towns money is) and the tabularium (all the official documents were kept there).Temples.People believed temples were important God or Goddess homes. The things that went on at the temples were praying, killing of animals and then examining of the dead anim als to see if the gods were pleased or angry.Vesta was the Goddess of purity, nurture and hearth. A sacred flame fire in her temple in capital of Italy.Juno was Jupiters wife and sister. She was Goddess of women and children.Mars was god of war and was always dressed as a Roman soldier. He is the son of Juno.Jupiter was the caput god. The god of the sky and thunder, he carries thunderbolts around to throw.The temple had 27 decorated pillars holding it up and a tiled roof lying on altitude. At the front of the temple there would have been a gold statue of the god or goddess whose temple it was. Inside the floor was made of marble and stone blocks with fire in the middle would have lit the temple. The walls both inside and outside would have been nicely decorated.The Amphitheatre.An amphitheatre was an oval arena where gladiators fought each other or wild animals. The word amphitheatre means theatre in the round. The Coliseum is Romes most famous amphitheatre. The amphitheatre had seats like steps save bigger going up all around the sides of it. There are 3 types of gladiator, they are Retiar, Throcian and MirmilloMY TIMETABLE OF THE AMPHITHEATRE.0900-1003 The Circus 11008-1055 Warm Up Fight1100-1200 The Death Fight1205-1300 The Circus 21305-1405 No-man Fight11410-1430 Executions1435-1555 Lunch Break1600-1700 Wild Beast Hunt1705-1820 Animal Or HumanDEATH1825-1845 Executions1850-1950 No-man Fight2Homes And Houses.The SlumsIn Rome flats were about 7 storeys high. They were usually dirty. As the storeys went up they got smaller. The poorest people lived on the top floors (the smallest apartments). People hanged their washing on lines which went from one window to another. The very top was open (no-roof) and it was used to store things on like chickens, crops and other things. In a flat the kind of furniture you would find was beds, tables, chairs, draws, shelves and cupboardsThe disadvantages of living in a flat are flats arent very big and you have to trust e veryone not to go and take or eat your food or steel any of your things and plus there was a lot of noise.The Merchants HouseThe two biggest areas in the merchants house were the impluvium and the atruim. The floors were mosaic and that made them well decorated. The walls were also decorated, but they were decorated with stucco.The Villa.The villas were on the outskirts of the town. Although they were luxurious houses they were usually at the heart of a working farm they were well furnished and had mosaic floors.

Accountable Practitioner Essay

As registered go down ons you are effectually and professionally responsible for your actions, irrespective of whether you are following the instructions of a nonher or using your own initiative (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010). The consideration of what office convey in nursing go for is a key part in the foundation of nursing, some would say that existence responsible means world responsible, and as a consequence taking the blame when something goes scathe.To be accountable is to be answerable for your acts and omissions, this is the access adopted by the guard and midwifery Council (NMC) the nursing regulatory body. It states inside its code You are soulfulnessally accountable for your actions and omissions in your approach pattern and must always be able to justify your closings (NMC, 2008). Therefore right is being answerable for your acts to a higher authority with whom you bemuse a legal relationship. A wider take in of responsibility is defined as an inhere nt confidence as a professional that allows a shield to take pride in being transparent ab come forth the way he or she has carried emerge their practice (Caulfield, 2005).In order to provide maximum protection to the semipublic and uncomplainings once against misconduct of registered nurses, four areas of jurisprudence are drawn unitedly which individually hold you to account. These are society through public police, unhurried through tort law, employer through the contract of employment and profession through statute law, such as the NMC.This assignment ordain reflect on the return field and study carried out within the Accountable practitioner module including lectures and facilitated group sessions in which reflective diaries were entire see auxiliary I-IV. By completing a bag Ca white plague Analysis (RCA), a system used to find flaws and opportunities for improvement of health care, on the Pamela Scenario, it was highlighted that the stem turn assent was an area of come to (Transition to Practice, 2012). I will therefore be looking into the three pillars of accountability which are professional, legal and ethical and relating for each one of these to my chosen theme and wearing this to the Pamela Scenario.Professional AccountabilityProfessional accountability consists of an ethos in nursing that is based on promoting the welfare and wellbeing of perseverings through nursing care. This all comes together within the heart of nursing. Within our group sessions we discussed who registered nurses are accountable to, these being through the provisions of the Nurses, Midwives and wellness Visitors Act 1997 and the Nursing and tocology Order 2001.The NMC was established under these provisions in 2002 to protect the public by establishing standards of education, training, conduct and performance for nurses to ensure these standards are concured (Nursing and Midwifery Order, 2001). Professional accountability allows nurses to work within a simulation of practice and follow principles of conduct solidifying out by the NMC that maintain the longanimouss trust in the individual nurse and nursing as a whole (Caulfield, 2005).Obtaining consent affirms the patients right to self-discrimination and autonomy. The NMC code of professional conduct has a separate section on consent (NMC, 2002). Clause 3 requires that as a registered nurse, midwife or health visitor you must aim consent sooner you give any intervention or care.The professional duty recognises the jimmy of autonomy in clause 3.2 and states that a refusal to receive discussion must be protected redden where this may result in harm or death to the individual. The professional duty excessively requires that the nurse gives discipline that is accurate and truthful and this must be presented in a way that is easily dumb (Bowman, 2012).Within the Pamela scenario there is no suggestion as to whether consent was gained. At the beginning of her care, when sh e was admitted to an orthopaedic hospital cover they suggested a skin traction should be applied to the affected limb, however no consent was gained and the cater on the ward took it upon themselves to do whether this was the best action. Within our group we discussed that at this point Pamela was mentally equal of giving communicate consent see appendix II.Pamela later became very agitated and confused and was eventually referred for a CT scan which showed findings of Alzheimers disease. From this point onwards there is no evidence to suggest that consent was gained from someone with mightiness following the Mental competency Act (2005) where they state a person is unavailing to make a decision for themselves if they are unable to derive information given to them, retain that information, use or weigh that information as part of the process in do a decision and communicate that information.In this instance it is non possible to determine whether Pamela was able to give informed consent herself or whether any family members gave this for her. Professionally the module within the ward that made this decision on her behalf would be held accountable.Legal AccountabilityThe law is a major area of accountability for nursing practice. The law is a set of rules, regulations and cases that provide interpretation of the rules and regulations that apply to society. There are very clear penalties for anyone, including nurses, who snap off to follow the rules set out by law. Within our group sessions we discussed the two systems of law within the UK see appendix I civil law and criminal law, each one consists of its own structure and different rules apply for each system (Young, 2008). The types of civil law that affect accountability in nursing practice include disputes with employers, cases of patients suing due to allegations of negligence and cases where a nurse sues her employer due to injury at work.All these cases are heard in civil courts and the judge can award compensation. Criminal law is the system designed to assess that rules set out by parliament are followed. The acts of parliament deal with issues such as medicines, suicide, organ and waver donation, mental health and decisions about health care where a person does non puddle the capableness to make their views known.Criminal penalties include fines or imprisonment (Caulfield, 2005).The law recognises that adults have a right to determine what will be done to their bodies. Touching a person without consent is generally unlawful and will amount to infringe to the person or, more rarely, a criminal assault. Unlike other civil wrong doings such as negligence which requires harm, any unlawful mournful is actionable despite whether being done with the best of motives (Tingle and Cribb, 2007). When obtaining consent, you must ensure that the patient agrees with all the treatment intended to be carried out. exercise with treatment that the patient is unconscious of, or has refused to agree to will be a trespass to the person and actionable to law.Nurses must therefore take care to explain all the treatment or touching that will occur when obtaining consent from a patient and ensure that any additional treatment is subject to further consent (Savage and Moore, 2004). Consent is an expression of autonomy and must be free survival of the individual. It cannot be obtained by undue influence (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010, p.82). In law, undue means that the influence must remove the patients free will and be so forceful that the patient excludes all other considerations when making their choice.It is an established part of law that no treatment may be given to an individual, whether it be clinical or nursing unless the patient has consented (Johnstone, 2009). Therefore as consent was not gained within the Pamela scenario when deciding whether to apply traction to her leg the doctors and nurses touch on in making the decision on her behalf would be held legally accountable and could face criminal prosecution.Within our facilitated group sessions we discussed the following established principles which must all be snug before consent is sufficient see appendix III consent should be given by someone with capacity. Within the scenario it is stated that Pamela was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, however the family were not asked to consent on her behalf following the Mental Capacity Act (2005).Sufficient information should be given to the patient is the second principle. Pamelas family state they were unaware of what was happening with her care and within the complaints letter, Pamelas daughter states staff did not give her relevant information even when Pamela wasdiagnosed with Alzheimers. The third principle the consent must be freely given, due to the staff not gaining any consent and taking the decision into their own hands this principle like the preceding two was also not followed. The negligence and consent alone within this scenario would place the staff involved directly into legal accountability. good AccountabilityAccountability is an important ethical concept because nursing practice involves a relationship between the nurse and the patient (Fry, 2004). Within our group sessions we discussed Beauchamp and Childress (2001) who developed a swanwork which offers a broad consideration of ethical issues. This consists of four principles respect for autonomy which means respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons alter individuals to make reasoned informed choices. Beneficence,this considers the balancing of benefits of treatment against the risks and costs the healthcare professional should act in a way that benefits the patient.Non maleficence, this meansavoiding the causation of harm, the healthcare professional should not harm the patient. All treatment involves some harm, even if minimal, but the harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits of treatment. And final ly, justice, this includes distributing benefits, risks and costs fairly, the notion that patients in similar beats should be treated in a similar manner.Consent is a moral and legal foundation of modern health care. Treatment that proceeds without consent of the patient immediately requires a stark(a) moral investigation. Despite the fact that consent may have been given it is important to ensure this means more than the mere fact a form has been signed. The main role of consent is to protect patients and in particular to protect their status of autonomy and enable them to remain in control of their own lives (Fry and Johnstone, 2008).In ethical terms, consent is important because it demonstrates respect for autonomy, therefore through participating in a consent process the persons autonomy may be further parentd by having the choice to accept or decline care. For some individuals their ability to consent may be compromised by their position within their cultural group. For exam ple, women within certain cultures might have the capacity to consent but would not expect to have the right todetermine what happens to them (Chadwick and Tadd, 2003). If consent was not gained and treatment was carried out on a person within an ethical group who did not agree to the treatment, then that person would be held ethically accountable.In the scenario, nurses did not apply skin traction to Pamelas leg despite the admitting doctor suggesting that it be applied. Ethically, this related to non-maleficence as it can be assumed the traction was not applied due to the treatment having a conservative nature and the nurses believing it would be of no benefit to Pamela in regards to pain relief. excessively a large majority of care was carried out after Pamela was diagnosed with Alzheimers which leaves her vulnerable to treatment being carried out without consent from her or her family.ConclusionThroughout the module I have developed my sensation of the professional, ethical an d legal issues that are associated with providing accountable health and social care. I was able to reflect on my own learning and development as an accountable practitioner and participate in the facilitated group sessions. I have increased in confidence and developed communication skills by having the opportunity to speak and voice my opinion in front of other colleagues this will enable me to participate in handover and various team up meetings whilst out in practice.Analysing the scenario in groups enabled me to gain a clearer understanding into the issues raised and this allowed the assignment to be completed with confidence. I was able to strengthen my ability to appraise and use related evidence based literary productions to butt up my statements which were from a variety of sources. Finally, being able to choose our own theme from the scenario enabled me to have a greater awareness of consent which will benefit me when out in practice.Part BI shall be using the Gibbs Ref lective Cycle (1988) to reflect upon a critical incident that I have witnessed out during a ward based placement. The Gibbs reflective cycle suggests that theory and practice adjunct each other in a never-ending circle which was coined from Kolbs experiential learningcycle. By using the Gibbs reflective cycle I shall be looking into how I felt during the time, what I felt and thought after the incident and most importantly what I would do differently next time. featureThe incident I will be looking back on occurred whilst on placement within an orthopaedic ward when I was given the opportunity to assist a registered nurse on her medicine round. I had previously assisted her on doses rounds she was adroit for me to administer the medication which was Enoxaparin on this particular patient. As I joined her with the medicine round part way through, due to helping another patient she had already confirmed the patients name and date of endure and the patient had verbally consented to the administration and therefore I was told me to just administer it.I followed all the relevant policies and procedures whilst administering the medication however I did not understand why the registered nurse would allow me to administer the drug without myself gaining consent from the patient to ensure he was happy for a student nurse to carry out the administration. I therefore explained to the patient that I was a student nurse and I had previously carried out an administration of enoxaparin but explained to him that I would not be offended if he was not happy for me to administer the drug myself. I had been looking after this patient over a get along of days and had therefore gained his trust so he verbally consented to me administering the drug and allowed me to continue.Thoughts and FeelingsWhilst I was administering the medication I felt very footsure as I had administered a number of these previously and also having a patient who was happy for me to carry this out en abled me to complete this competently. The patient also spoke to me throughout about his personal life so I was reassured that he was not feeling worried or anxious and therefore placed me in a confident frame of mind. The registered nurse was also shadowing me whilst I administered the drug so I was happy I was not going to make a mistake.EvaluationThere was nothing bad about this experience apart(predicate) from the confusion of the registered nurse telling me not to follow protocol and double check his date of let and consent, however I felt I did the correct thing. I enjoyed administering the Enoxaparin as I felt it would enhance my experience and it was good practice for me, especially as this drug was a very common drug used within most hospital wards.AnalysisAlthough I felt confident administering the Enoxaparin, I did not feel all that confident when asked to administer the medication without checking the patients name and date of birth and gaining consent which is a vital protocol of administration of medicines set out by the NMC (2010). Looking back I should have voiced my concerns and asked why she did not want me to confirm these however I did not want to headland my mentors experience or authority.A number of accountability issues were raised within this practice in which I later discussed with my mentor so I could confirm I did the correct thing. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) states that the administration of medicines is a vital aspect of professional practice for registered nurses which are to be performed in strict compliance with the written prescription of a medical practitioner requiring exercise of professional brain (NMC, 2010).The NMC (2010) also state within their consent code To make the care of people their first concern and ensure they gain consent before they begin any treatment or care I did carry out this principle although asked not to by the nurse I was working with. If I did not carry out these checks although onl y a student nurse I would still be held accountable for my actions when I knew this was against protocol.ConclusionAs a student nurse it is acceptable to assist with drug ward rounds and administering medications, however when I was asked to administer the medication without the patients identity confirmed and consent gained I should have state I did not feel pleasant with the task as it was not working in accompaniment with the NMCs standards of medicines administrationsbut I would observe. When teaching a student and to improve general practice general the nurse in question should have asked me to confirm the patients name and date of birth and gained consent before administering the medicine.Although there was no issue with administering medicine to the wrong patient or any ethical issues due to not gaining consent on this day, this could have been a very big nursing error create a potentially big problem with accountability on my behalf.Action PlanAs a student nurse it is im portant to take opportunities to learn new skills when following a mentor that you might not necessarily feel entirely confident with however ultimate responsibility remains with me if I do not feel confident in the situation that I have been assigned. Although I was confident with the task in hand I was not happy with the way I was asked to carry out this procedure by missing out vital NMC code protocols. The only thing I would have done different in this situation would be to say I did not feel comfortable with administering medication to a patient without carrying out the relevant checks and I should have confronted the nurse in question and asked why she did not tell me to ask for these details.Although she had carried these out previously she did not explain to the patient that I was a student nurse and this could have gone very wrong. If placed in this situation again I would not change anything which I personally did myself, I would still follow the NMC guidance on medicines administration (NMC, 2010) which therefore takes me out of the accountability question if anything was to go wrong, however I would confront the nurse and ask why these checks were asked to be skipped.ReferencesBeauchamp, T and Childress, J. (2008) Principles Biomedical moral philosophy. 6th ed. Oxford Oxford University Press. Bowman, D. (2012) Informed Consent A primer coat for clinical Practice. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Caulfield, H. (2005) Accountability. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.Chadwick, R and Tadd, W. (2003) Ethics and Nursing Practice A Case StudyApproach. Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan.Fry, ST. (Ed.) (2004) Nursing Ethics Encyclopaedia of Bioethics. tertiary ed. New York Macmillan.Fry, ST and Johnstone, MJ. (2008) Ethics in Nursing Practice A Guide to Ethical Decision Making. 3rd ed. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.GIBBS, G. (1998) Learning by Doing A Guide to Teaching and Learning. capital of the United Kingdom FEUGriffith, R and Tengnah, C. (2010) law of natur e and Professional Issues in Nursing. 2nd ed. Exeter Learning Matters Ltd.Johnstone, MJ. (2009) Bioethics A nursing perspective. 5th ed. Sydney Elsevier.Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2002) autograph of Professional Conduct. London NMC.Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The Code Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London NMC.Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC ) (2010) Standards for Medicine Management. London NMC.Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2010) Regulation in Practice Consent. London NMC.Nursing and Midwifery Order (2001) Article 3. London NMC.Savage, J and Moore, L. (2004) Interpreting Accountability. London Royal College of Nursing.Tingle,J and Cribb, A. (2007) Nursing law of nature and Ethics. 3rd ed. Oxford Blackwell PublishingTransition to Practice (2012) Root Cause Analysis Steps. online Available at http//transitiontopractice.org/files/module4/QI%20-%20Root%20Cause%20Analysis%20steps.pdf Accessed 12 September 2012. Y oung, A. (2008) Review The legal duty of care for nurses and other health care professionals. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18 pp. 3071-3078.BibliographyConfidentiality Act (1991) Great Britain. London HMSO.Data Protection Act (1998) Great Britain. London HMSOHendric, J. (2000) Law and Ethics in Nursing and Health Care. Cheltenham Stanley Thornes Ltd.Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2006) Standards of Proficiency for Nurse and Midwifery Prescribers. London NMCRoyal College of Nursing (RCN) (2006) Nurses and Medicines Legislation An Information Paper. London NMC.Reeves, M and Orford, J. (2002) Fundamental Aspects of Legal, Ethical and Professional Issues in Nursing. Wiltshire Mark Allen.Tschudin, V. (1996) Ethics Nurses and Patients. London Bailliere Tindal. Watson, R. (1995) Accountability in Nursing Practice. London Chapman and Hall.Appendices adjunct I individualised Diary airplane 1 (25/06/12)Appendix IIPersonal Diary Sheet 2 (09/07/12)Appendix IIIPersonal Diary Sheet 3 (16/0 7/12)Appendix IVPersonal Diary Sheet 4 (23/07/12)

American Film History: Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers

Agnes de Mille once said that the truest locution of people is in its bounce and in its music. Bodies never lie. (Warner, p30) And indeed, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, a most celebrated dancing duo epitomized the meaning of words and emotions through their dance that was ever caught in pictorial matter.As such, era both(prenominal) film actors never gained recognition in their acting rushs in their 10 renowned musicals, they nevertheless authentic their most deserved place in the history of American film as iconic symbols of dance that brought poetry and song to the human body.Fred and Ginger are Broadway actors before they came to Hollywood. Fred was a stage dancer and choreographer whose career in acting and dancing started at a very early age during which he partnered with his child Adelle in Vaudeville shows.When his sister married, he went on his own to make a name in a Broadway musical, Gay Divorce. (Harvey and Sennett, pp 23-25) Ginger on the other hand started her Broadway debut in give-up the ghost Speed, which catapulted her to a lead role the following year in the musical, Girl Crazy. In 1931, the celluloid, The Tip Off marked her entry to Hollywood.(Whissen, p282-283) Both Fred and Ginger have outstanding and blossoming careers aside from each other, until their first pairing came in 1933 in a film that will lead to the discovery of the unparalleled chemistry and charisma of their dancing prowess to the astonishment and delight of the viewing public. This marked the opening of a dance collaboration that will entertain the American people in the next agree of decades that continued to remain unrivaled in the world up to this date.Flying Down To RioIn 1933, Flying Down to Rio was rendered into a film and first featured Fred and Ginger dancing together. It was a love triangle story amid Roger, Belinha and her fianc, Julio. Roger leads an orchestral band where Fred and Ginger are members.Fred was the assistant band leader who played the accordion while Ginger was the lead vocalist for the band. In pursuing the love of Belinha, Roger left his band which gave the opportunity for Fred to tone of voice up. In the end, Roger and Belinha successfully get together leaving the band to Fred and Ginger.Both Fred and Ginger were not the lead characters in the film but their dance performance especially in the airplane-wing-dance at the end of the story took the brilliance that overshadowed the plot and the main characters of the story. In fact, the pairs performance is what enjoined the people to watch the film and gained its censorious acclaim.Incidentally, one of the notable dance moves introduced in the movie is the forehead-to-forehead stance, the Carioca, which introduced the sensual samba dance to US movie audiences.(Berry, p131) This instantly became a national dance craze. The movie claimed its due place in the American film history for unearthing the dance magic of Fred and Ginger that obtained vast appeal among t he masses and initiated their unequaled dance fusion in the coming years.

The Comparison of Sigmund Freud and B.F. Skinner

The Comparison of Sigmund Freud and B. F. skinner One name that jumps out at the point of psychological science, or the instruct in that location of, is the name of Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud is likewise know as the Father of Psychoanalysis. Freud was also cognise for having the tendency to trace nearly all psychological problems back to sexual issues. Although only parts of his conjecture of psychosexual development are still accepted by mainstream psychologists, Freuds theory of the Oedipal Complex has become a cultural icon (Freud, Sigmund, 2012).Freud is known for developing the use of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is based on the observation that masses are often unaware of many of the things that determine their emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic treatment demonstrates how the unconscious affects current relationships and patterns of behavior. It then(prenominal) helps track them back to historic experiences, such as in childhood, and helps people to deal bett er with how past experiences then affect their current adult life (Freud, Sigmund, 2012).Freuds contributions that often comes to mind while persuasion of psychoanalysis include the therapy couch, the use of talk therapy, and his theories about the unconscious which include the role of repression, denial, sublimation, and projection. (The individual(a)) Freud also incorporated the use of dream analysis and the study of dreams. time working with his patients, they began to spontaneously tell their dreams. Freud became implicated in dreams and the revelations that they could provide as doors to the inner psyche (The Individual).He soon systematically included version of dreams in psychoanalysis, as well as hypnosis and free association of the dreams that had been revealight-emitting diode. Freud was one of the first psychologists to utilize hypnosis in therapy. Freuds interest in what lay beyond the conscious mind and in the practice of hypnotism and what led hysteria eventually l ed him to study with the famous neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot of the Salpetriere Hospital in Paris (The Individual). When Freud returned to Vienna, he began using hypnosis, massage, and pressure on the head to get patients to dredge up thoughts elated to their symptoms. nevertheless later did he ask them to say whatever crossed their minds. This he called free association, and had already been describe as the talking cure (The Individual). Just as Freud is known as the father of Psychoanalysis, B. F. Skinner is often referred to ask the the father of operant teach. B. F. Skinner is also known for major contributions to the field of psychology ( most B. F. Skinner, Sept, 2012). Skinner was a prolific author, publishing nearly 200 articles and more than 20 books.Skinner was most known for his work in behavior psychology. Behavioral psychology is the psychological practice that focuses on learning new-fashioned behaviors and how to modify our existing behavior and how that takes place (About B. F. Skinner, Sept, 2012). One of his major contributions was his theory of operant instruct. Operant instruct means roughly, the changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement, either positive or negative, and which these reinforcements are presumptuousness after the desired response (About B. F. Skinner, Sept, 2012).Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that feces follow behavior. While behaviorism is no longer a dominant school of thought, the work in operant conditioning remains today. Many different types of professionals utilize operant conditioning in society today. Mental health professionals often utilize operant techniques when working with clients (The Individual). Teachers frequently use reinforcement and punishment to material body behavior of their students in the classroom. Animal trainers even rely on these techniques to train dogs and other animals.In order to study Operant conditioning and its affects on rats, Skinner develope d a device known as the Skinner Box. This was used in lab experiments to judge the outcome of certain stimuli on rats and how their behavior would adjustment from said stimuli (About B. F. Skinner, Sept, 2012). Skinner was an inventor of many things. He also worked on a product which he called, The Baby Tender. The baby adoring was developed due to his wifes concern that there was a need for a safer crib, where there wouldnt be worries of the infants extremities getting caught in between the bars.The baby tender was an enclosed and heated crib with a plexiglass window. Unfortunately, the baby tender was confused with the Skinner box that was used in experiments in rats (About B. F. Skinner, Sept, 2012). Skinner did not do conditioning experiments on babies in the baby tender it was developed as simply a safer crib for newborns. some(prenominal) the ideas of Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner have had major influences in the field of psychology and psychological practices.Both Freud and Skinner have influenced how psychology is used in therapy on patients as well as practical uses that leave the clinical realm, and can be used in everyday life. Resources B. F. Skinner Foundation About B. F. Skinner. B. F. Skinner Foundation About B. F. Skinner. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Freud, SigmundA . N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. . SECTION TWO The Individual Therapy and Theory. The Individual Therapy and Theory. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. . Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012

Rice by Manuel Arguilla Essay

I. Writers accentuateHe was born in Barrio Naguilian in Bauang, La Union on June 17, 1911. He was the fourth youngster of Crisanto Arguilla and Margarita Estabillo, hard- running(a) developer folk who owned a small piece of land. Aside from being a farmer, his perplex was in addition a carpenter his mother, on the other hand, was an occasional potter.When he was seven years old, he enrolled in a direct in the neighbouring Barrio Calumbaya, where he was taught the cartilla by Alfredo Abuan. Later, he transferred to the public elementary condition in Bauang, La Union and graduated in 1926.Arguilla was a brilliant and active student. Aside from excelling in academics at the provincial elevated school in San Fernando, he edited as well the schools official organ, the La Union Tab. A wide reader, he won in a vocabulary contest held in the school. He was a champion swimmer and an expert tango dancer, incessantly winning in dance contests. He was known to convey a therapeutic pers onality and was well-loved by everyone he knew for he liked to listen to people tell him their stories. Anything that interested him became an almost intrinsic segment of him. It took him only three years to complete his secondary education, graduating as class salutatorian in high school.In 1926, he entered the University of the Philippines. While studying, he worked as a writer and printing assistant at the Carmelo and Bauermann office. He became a member of the UP Writers Club, and eventually led it in the school year 1932-1933. He also came to edit the Literary Apprentice. In 1933, he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science in education. During the resembling period, he married Lydia Villanueva, a nonher aspiring writer.After graduating, he taught at the University of Manila while working at the Bureau of Public Welfare. The Arguillas stand along M.H. Del Pilar in Manila became a recourse for friends and fellow writers, such as Estrella Alfon, Jose Garcia Villa, N.V.M. Go nzales and A.V.H. Hartendorp.Arguilla did not remain a teacher for long for he believed that writers were born, not made, and that a talent for writing was an innate attri ande that could never be taught or acquired. Before departure his students, he counselled them to just read volumes of stories.In 1940, he became the managing editor of the Bureau of Welfare newsletter, the Welfare Advocate. He worked at the Bureau for three years until the latter half of 1943. By then, the country had been under Japanese occupation for two years. He was appointed to the Board of Censors and was asked to serve in the Japanese propaganda agency. But Arguilla had also just become an agent of the Markings Guerillas. Thus, while apparently working for the Japanese, he was actually heading the Porch, the Markings counter-intelligence and propaganda unit operating in Manila.It was not long before the enemy discovered his guerrilla activities, and subsequently, had him arrested in February 1944. along with his mother and a few relatives, he was incarcerated to Fort Santiago. His wife was initially unaware of his arrest but later, was able to evade the dragnet. After two months, Arguillas mother and relatives were released, while he was transferred to the Old Bilibid Prisons. Later, after being tortured and subjected to a sham trial, he was brought spinal column to Fort Santiago for execution.Arguilla the writer much portrayed the life of the ordinary Filipino, usually the rural Ilocano, in his more than 50 short stories that have permanently enriched Philippine Literature. The critic Leopoldo Y. Yabes cited him as the best craftsman among Filipino fictionists in English, (whose voice) is the only unfeignedly authentic voice. He is shamelessly Filipino. His stories are still considered unrivalled in his depiction of the life of the Ilocano farmer.In the prime of his life, Arguilla died a heros death. Yet he would not be forgotten. On June 12, 1972, Arguilla was honoured with a posthumous award, the republic Cultural Heritage Award. He was cited for producing literary works that have continued to figure out Filipino fiction writing and literary scholarship. In his honour, a marker was installed in his hometown on magisterial 25, 1983.II. SynopsisAn afternoon on a hut with a tamarind tree beside it, Pablo, an old farmer, came from the farm and unhitched his carabao upon its empty sled and began to feed it with a grass. Then, he called her wife, Sebia, from their hut but no one answers him. He goes to the neighbourhood to ask if theyve seen Sebia and his children but Osiang, their neighbour, seems not hearing what Mang Pablo is postulation and give a question back regarding his husband Andres. Later sometime Osing told Mang Pablo that his wife and three children went to the creek for some snails.Mang Pablo reminisce the scenario later that cockcrow when he with the several other tenants driven with their sleds to the house of the senora to borrow some gra ins. But as they go changes come, their usual tersiohan system on borrowing became takipan meaning the amount that they borrow becomes double at garner time. His co-tenants refuse for this is too much and cant even know if they can pay it barely at the time given. In the end everyone leave with an empty sled and will come home without any rice to eat.Then, Osiangs voice broke the silence. Asking if he had already cooked their rice and offered him pieces of coal. When he is about to go back home Andres came and give a sign telling he moldiness wait for him. Andres dark, broad and squat man, wearing a printed camisa de chino appeared asking Mang Pablo if he is coming with them. Mang Pablo advice he not to continue this because they will commit stealing but Andres together with other men is desperate.As he turned, he had seen wife and three children and was accompanied with a man. The man told him that they are fishing in the field but Sebia disagreed and told him that they are just gathering some snails. Then, the watchman told Mang Pablo that they must pay five cavanes. Sebia is asking for the rice but Mang Pablo told him that there is no rice while looking in his hungry children sightedness weakness and pain then he asks for his bolo joining Andres and together they walked to the house of Eli.

Five Forces Analysis-US Express Mail Industry Essay

Question 1 asked to substitute a five forces analysis of the US Express Mail pains. A five forces analysis is do to rate the attractiveness of an industry. Threat of new entry is low because the barriers to entry atomic number 18 high. Newcomers to the industry would request an enormous amount of up front capital to set up the distribution networks and infrastructure, such as establishing hubs, and acquiring aircraft and a large amount of ground transportation vehicles (vans, trucks, ect). Economies of scale be significant and would discourage new firms from entranceway because initial sales volumes would be low do to the fact that existing brands already moderate strong brand identification, and there are no cost advantages to entering, like government subsidiaries or favorable locations. There would also be aggressive reaction from the three main players (FedEx, UPS, Airborne) since the aim of challenger is already so high.Buyer power (customers consisting of businesses and the general public) is high mainly because the large volume of customers have no brand loyalty in the crush out mail industry. Customers base their selection of a common carrier on reliability, price, and convenience and there is not much product differentiation in any of those areas amidst carriers so customers can bounce around between carriers, essentially playing the competitors against each other, forcing prices down and demanding high quality and dish outs. Supplier power is high overall. The main inputs, or supplies, for the express mail industry are fuel, airports, aircraft, ground transportation, and the employees. The employees are unionized and have the power to demand higher wages and benefits, they may not always get that, but then there is the potential for strikes, like with UPS, which be UPS $700 million in revenues and hurt their reputation. Fuel is another supplier power that is high. Fuel is a key comp angiotensin converting enzyment and there is limited bargaining when it comes to negotiating fuel prices.Another key product is the airports, there are only a few in each major(ip) city, and the carriers have to go where they have to go, hitting those hubs in major cities, thus causing there to be little bargaining power with airports. The airports and the aircraft suppliers arent only relying on the express mail industry, so that also gives those suppliers more power to charge what they want (landing fees, cost of planes). territory transportation vehicles is the only input that would allow for more bargaining power since there are legion(predicate) alternatives available, there is more room for theindustry players to negotiate price. The availability of substitutes is medium mainly because there arent a large number of substitutes out there for express mail outside of the industry. Most beside day deliveries are business documents, parcels, letters, ect, not typically cargo. So substitutes could include email and faxes, both ar e faster and cheaper than express mailing. Depending on the nature of the business, video conferencing or the old fashion telephone could be used.If the parcel is going somewhere local maybe could use bike messengers, or just guide deliver. There are also the second stage players, like RPS, DHL and TNT, while they are still in the delivery industry they tend to specialize in areas other than express mail. With RPS, it is second day service at 40-50% less, and a business that does a large amount of overseas or international express shipments may want to substitute with DHL or TNT, who specialize and differentiate themselves in the international market. The Intensity of disputation is high. The domestic express mail industry only consists of three major firms, UPS, FedEx, and Airborne, and six second tier firms, such as DHL, RPS, and the U.S. Postal Service so there isnt a high level of concentration. The big three make up 85% of the U.S. express mail market. There is intense compe tition, when one company lowers prices, so does another, leading to price wars. When one company improves it technology or offers more service, so do the others, leading to difficulty in differentiating products.Fixed costs are high (planes, hubs, transportation) and when fixed costs are high it causes companies to want to reduce prices in order to sell more and generate more revenue, but the revenues have not kept up with falling prices and has caused the industry growth to be easily so the companies are all fighting for market share. The exit barriers are also high, financially and non-financially. financially because of the enormous amount of capital that has been invested (fleets of planes and/or trucks, set up of the distribution networks and infrastructures), and non-financially, mainly due to societal costs. People conduct business everyday and rely on urgent delivery of metre light-sensitive information (documents, contracts, and perishables like medical samples) and not having the services of the express mail industry to deliver those time sensitive parcels could cripple the economy, for example when UPS when on strike for 16 days, there was a noticeable fluster to the economy as a whole.So in conclusion, based upon this analysis, the US Express Mail Industry in terms of profitability is very unattractive and would be considered unattractive by any firms considering entering as well.

Disaster Preparedness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Disaster Preparedness - Essay ExampleAs for the relief, the best activity is to suck in policies and laws necessitating mandatory disaster prevention mechanisms in institutions, companies and organizations (Bradley, 2011).In ein truth county on the whole over the country, the above mentioned activities should be ensured. Training of all the people or at least mass of the people in a country (this is manageable as a country does not have many people and they know each other) on how to respond to different types of disasters is necessary. As a mitigation activity, this should be accompanied by a local law making it compulsory for everybody in that county to be trained so that they can know how to prevent disasters and deal with them in reason they are natural.Ambulances ( some(prenominal) of them) should be available in the county and situated in various locations that have easier access to all parts of the county and they should be well equipped and fuelled at all times so that i n case of disaster, they are expeditious to move. Lastly, there should be several trained counselors even if they have other careers so that in case of any disaster, they can be called upon to exercise the counseling duties to a lot of people over a period of time.2. When there is no response action (like an EOC activation), the public usually thinks that emergency managers are doing very little. However, this is not the case. Preparedness actions are always ongoing preparing a plan, training to the plan, and exercising the plan. Explain how this forget help a community in the long run?Ongoing preparedness plans have several advantages to the community in the long run. One of these is the fact that people do not have to mountain once a disaster occurs. In most cases, once a disaster occurs, people desex rush decisions, look up onto authorities adding pressure to them and laying blame on them and the outcome of this is a slow response, mangled recovery and even a lot of loss of l ife and property which would differently have been